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The Church takes positions on many public policy
issues, and people often wonder why.
Below, you can find some brief answers to frequently asked questions about why the Catholic Church
says what it does about: 
Please note: If you have
questions about the Catholic perspective on
these or any other subject, the best place to
start is a search through the
Catechism of the Catholic Church.

Marriage
The institution of marriage has been understood
throughout or civilization as a union between
one man and one woman, dedicated to their
well-being and to the procreation adn education
of children.
Social scientists agree that marriage has a
vital role to play in the health of society,
since marriage is the best arrangement
(emotionally, economically, and otherwise) for
the well-being of adults and children.
Among the reasons are:
- It is an
economically favorable arrangement for men
and women, since it combines resources and
encourages future economic planning.
- It attaches
a father to his children, and to his
children’s mother, and fulfills the need for
children to have the love and care of both
mother and father.
- It creates a
social structure that cares for multiple
generations – parents care for their
children when young, who in turn care for
their parents when they age. It serves
society by enhancing the well-being and
happiness of people at all stages of life.
- Social
scientists have confirmed that the best
outcomes for children and adults are found
in a stable marriage.
- Because of
the expectation of marriage being life-long
and sexually exclusive, it lends a stability
to human relationships and thus to society.
These findings
can be found, for example, in the writings of
well-respected social scientists such as David
Blankenhorn (see his book,
The Future of Marriage, or this
summary article).
As a result, it
is no surprise that our society has always
recognized and protected marriage in its laws,
since it is marriage is a natural part of human
and social well-being. Every well-ordered
society in history has made a special effort to
protect, promote, and encourage marriage as an
institution that fulfills spouses and protects
their children.
This is in
keeping with the teachings of the Church as
well:
The vocation
to marriage is written in the very nature of
man and woman as they came from the hand of
the Creator. Marriage is not a purely human
institution despite the many variations it
may have undergone through the centuries in
different cultures, social structures, and
spiritual attitudes... "The well-being of
the individual person and of both human and
Christian society is closely bound up with
the healthy state of conjugal and family
life" (Catechism
of the Catholic Church, no.1603)
Our faith teaches us
that marriage is a central part of God's plan
for human persons, that the Lord has ordained it
as a special and privileged relationship, and
has blessed it with many graces. As the
Bishops of the United States have explained it
in
this way:
Marriage
comes from the loving hand of God, who
fashioned both male and female in the divine
image (see Gn 1:27). A man "leaves his
father and mother and clings to his wife,
and the two of them become one body" (Gn
2:24). The man recognizes the woman as "bone
of my bones and flesh of my flesh" (Gn
2:23). God blesses the man and woman and
commands them to "be fertile and multiply" (Gn
1:28). Jesus reiterates these teachings from
Genesis, saying, "But from the beginning of
creation, 'God made them male and female.
For this reason a man shall leave his father
and mother [and be joined to his wife], and
the two shall become one flesh'" (Mk
10:6-8).
These biblical passages help us to
appreciate God's plan for marriage. It is an
intimate union in which the spouses give
themselves, as equal persons, completely and
lovingly to one another. By their mutual
gift of self, they cooperate with God in
bringing children to life and in caring for
them.
Marriage is both a natural institution and a
sacred union because it is rooted in the
divine plan for creation. In addition, the
Church teaches that the valid marriage of
baptized Christians is a sacrament—a saving
reality. Jesus Christ made marriage a symbol
of his love for his Church (see Eph
5:25-33). This means that a sacramental
marriage lets the world see, in human terms,
something of the faithful, creative,
abundant, and self-emptying love of Christ.
A true marriage in the Lord with his grace
will bring the spouses to holiness. Their
love, manifested in fidelity, passion,
fertility, generosity, sacrifice,
forgiveness, and healing, makes known God's
love in their family, communities, and
society. This Christian meaning confirms and
strengthens the human value of a marital
union (see CCC, nos. 1612-1617; 1641-1642).
For more information
about Catholic beliefs about marriage, please
check out the U.S. Bishops'
website.
In modern times,
unfortunately, there is a growing social acceptance of
non-marital unions (cohabiting couples,
"domestic partners", same-sex "marriages"), and
they are being given the same legal status as
marriage. This will undermine the
privileged place of marriage as the foundation
of society. It will also inevitably lead
to greater social instability and will harm both
adults and children.
Check out our
"Defend Marriage" page for recent public
policy threats to marriage. Also, see below for more information about
cohabitation.
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Homosexuality
We are all God’s children. And for those
people with same sex attraction, God has great
mercy and love. For many, it is a cross in which
they and their families carry with deep sorrow
and ambivalence. As Christians, we must seek and
uphold God’s truth, with love, for ourselves and
others, often in spite of the difficulty it
brings.
By practicing the virtue of chastity, persons
with same sex attraction have an opportunity to
find abundant graces in making Christ first in
their hearts. The universal call to holiness
involves chastity according to our state in
life. In general, chastity means the wholesome
integration of sexuality within a person’s
physical and spiritual being. But only when it
is lived out in the complete and lifelong gift
of self between a man and woman, does sexuality,
involving one’s body and its biological
functions, become personal and truly human. The
virtue of chastity for married people
encompasses the integrity of the person in a
total self-giving of themselves to their spouse.
In this age, this issue is particularly
challenging. Chastity is misunderstood and
ignored by numbers of Christians, including
single, engaged and married people. (see below
for information about
cohabitation and
contraception) Since many are not practicing
the virtue of chastity, their reverence for it
and their acknowledgement of violating it is
greatly diminished. But, the dire consequences
of separating sex and the sacrament of marriage
and an openness to life nevertheless remain and
do great damage to families and society. For all
of us, sins against chastity are serious
offenses against God.
We are informed by tradition and sacred
scripture that homosexual acts are at odds with
the dignity and integrity of the person, created
in the likeness and image of God, made male and
female. Such acts “ … are contrary to the
natural law. They close the sexual act to the
gift of life. They do not proceed from the
genuine affective and sexual complementarity.
Under no circumstances can they be approved.”
(CC 2357)
These may sound like hard and uncompromising
words. The personal experience of affection that
one person feels for another in a homosexual
relationship may in some aspects image authentic
love. But ultimately this relationship is
a only a counterfeit -- it can never embody the
true fullness of the authentic chaste love
between a man and woman in the Sacrament of
Marriage.
But there is great hope for those who struggle
with same sex attraction. The organization,
Courage, an
apostolate of the Roman Catholic Church,
ministers to those with same-sex attractions and
their loved ones. They have been endorsed by the
Pontifical Council for the Family. From their
website you will learn about homosexuality and
how by developing an interior life of chastity,
the universal call to all Christians, one can
move beyond the confines of the homosexual
identity to a more complete one in Christ.
For more information, check out:
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End of Life Issues
In the aftermath of the tragic Terri Schiavo
case, there has been a great deal of attention
paid to end of life issues, including “living wills”
and "extraordinary treatment". It is very
important that we clearly understand the basic
issues involved in this area, as well as the
relevant teachings of the Church.
Moral Principles
Decisions regarding the medical care of
gravely ill person have great moral
significance. They require us to face the
reality of suffering and death, in the light of
faith, confident in the redemptive power of our
suffering united to the Cross of Christ, with
the sure hope of the resurrection.
No matter how grave a patient's ailment or
incapacity, they always remain a person, made in
the image and likeness of God, and precious in
his sight. It is always wrong to deliberately
cause the death of an innocent person, either by
our direct actions or by failing to perform a
duty.
The fundamental distinction that should be borne
in mind is whether medical treatment is
"ordinary", which is morally obligatory, or
"extraordinary", which is morally optional and
can be declined.
What are “extraordinary” treatments? According
to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, they
are “medical procedures that are excessively
burdensome, dangerous, or disproportionate to
the expected outcome”. If you decline such
treatments, you are not causing death. Instead,
you are refusing "over-zealous" treatment and
acknowledging the inevitability of death.
(Catechism, no. 2278)
Even if death is imminent, we must always
provide the ordinary care owed to a sick person
-- nutrition, hydration, cleanliness, warmth,
etc. Death from an underlying cause, such as
cancer, must at some point be accepted, but a
person should never die from starvation or
dehydration.
On this subject, Pope John Paul II has said, “I
should like particularly to underline how the
administration of water and food, even when
provided by artificial means, always represents
a natural means of preserving life, not a
medical act. Its use, furthermore, should be
considered, in principle, ordinary and
proportionate, and as such morally obligatory…”
In 2007, the Congregation for the Doctrine of
the Faith said "The administration of food and
water even by artificial means is, in principle,
an ordinary and proportionate means of
preserving life. It is therefore obligatory to
the extent to which, and for as long as, it is
shown to accomplish its proper finality, which
is the hydration and nourishment of the patient.
In this way suffering and death by starvation
and dehydration are prevented." (See also
the Congregation's
Commentary on this declaration for a fuller
discussion of nutrition and hydration,
particularly in the case of persons in a
so-called "vegetative state")
Ordinary care would also include providing a
sick person with painkillers, even at the risk
of shortening their life. In this case, death is
not willed as either an end or a means.
(Catechism 2279)
“Living Wills”
Much is heard about “living wills” -- a
specific instruction on a particular course of
medical treatment, usually with regard to
life-sustaining treatment. They are also known
as “advance directives”.
There are many problems with “living wills”.
They are inflexible, and tie the hands of your
doctors and loved ones. Because it's impossible
to foresee your exact medical situation, they
are inherently vague and can be confusing to
doctors. Most “living will” forms that are
generally available are actually “refuse
treatment” forms that create a presumption in
favor of death.
For these reasons, we strongly recommend that
you avoid a so-called "living will". Instead, we
recommend that you appoint a Health Care Proxy.
Health Care Proxies
Under New York State law, a Health Care Proxy
allows you to choose someone you trust to make
medical decisions for you, if you can’t do it
for yourself. It only takes effect if you are
incapacitated and it lapses if you recover.
You should choose someone as your Proxy whom you
trust to act in your best interests, according
to your moral values. You should give your Proxy
specific instructions about your Catholic
values, especially about assisted nutrition and
hydration. You do not need a lawyer to appoint a
Health Care Proxy – all you need is to have two
witnesses to your signature.
A sample Health Care Proxy form, with
instructions, is available
here.
A Spanish version is available
here. For more information,
contact us or download this
information sheet.
Public Policy Issues
In many places,
efforts are being made to legalize assisted
suicide and euthanasia. For more
information about these issues, here are some
helpful links:
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Contraception
for more information
on contraception please go to our
NFP vs
Contraception page
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Cohabitation
Conventional wisdom tells young couples that
living together before marriage is a good idea
-- a way to test the relationship and to
determine if you're really ready for marriage.
As with so many other popular myths, this one is
absolutely wrong. Studies show very
clearly that living together does not “work”.
The divorce rate for couples who have lived
together is much higher than for other couples
(some studies report a 50% higher divorce rate);
in the case of men who have lived with a series
of women, the divorce rate is even higher; and
the longer the couple lives together, the higher
is the divorce rate. The conditional and
temporary nature of the cohabitation arrangement
typically leaves the couple with communication
and conflict resolution problems, and often
leads them to lack trust in each other.
They also frequently have serious reservations
about entering into the permanent bond of
marriage. In reality, living together
before marriage is not a good idea for a strong
relationship.
The problem with cohabitation
goes much deeper than these pragmatic concerns.
The gift of sexuality has profound meaning,
written into our very nature by God. Our
sexuality is intended by God to lead us to the
life-long bond of marriage, in which we give
ourselves to our spouse freely, fully,
fruitfully, faithfully, and forever. When
spouses make love, they proclaim this covenant
with their bodies. Living together before
marriage, and the sexual activity that goes
along with it, fails to fulfill this beautiful
purpose and meaning of our sexuality. It
is not the full and unconditional giving of
oneself for life, since by its very nature it is
conditional and temporary.
In effect, living together is a mirage.
It resembles the real thing -- marriage -- but
it leads us astray and deprives us of the true
and full gift of self God wants for us.
As a result, living together before marriage --
and any sexual activity outside of marriage --
undermines our ability to love one another and
gravely wounds our relationship with God.
What should you do if you’re living together
before marriage? You should speak honestly
and openly to your priest about the situation,
and either separate or agree to be chaste until
marriage. Also, go to Confession, and seek
God’s forgiveness and healing. You should
also take a serious look at your motivations and
expectations about your relationship, and ask
yourselves if you are truly ready to enter into
a life-long marriage.
For more information, see this
interview with a nationally-respected expert
on successful marriages. Also, please
check out the statement by the Bishops of
Pennsylvania, on
"Living Together", and the report
"Should We Live Together?",
published by the National Marriage Project of
Rutgers University.
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Pornography
Contrary to what many believe, pornography
is not harmless. Many people, along
with their families and children, are seriously
harmed by the twisted messages that are
contained in sexually explicit pictures, books,
magazines, movies and websites.
Pornographic images and writings distort the
beautiful gift of sexuality by separating its
expression from the covenant of marriage.
Pornography also teach us to treat ourselves and
others as mere objects to use for sexual
pleasure -- which is the very opposite of
authentic human love. The use of
pornography gives support and money to a corrupt
and profoundly unjust industry that is founded
on the degradation and exploitation of men,
women and children. There are many victims
of pornography.
For many people, both men and women,
pornography is not just a question of a bad
habit -- they have become burdened with a
virtual addiction to pornography and compulsive
sexual behavior, particularly due to the
Internet.
The good news is that there is help available
for those who are attracted to pornography or
who have sexual addictions. If someone you
love has this problem, we would recommend that
they check our our website,
True Freedom.
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